U.S. courts remain split on whether training AI models on copyrighted material is fair use, after Judge William Alsup ruled in June 2025 that training on purchased, digitized books was fair use while Judge Vince Chhabria reached the opposite conclusion two days later in a related San Francisco case. Google's president of global affairs, Kent Walker, published a 21-page white paper on June 25, 2026 arguing regulation should target AI outputs rather than training inputs, a stance that clashes with Colorado's revised AI Act and California's Training Data Transparency Act, both focused on input disclosure. Publisher group Digital Content Next has sent Common Crawl a cease-and-desist letter rejecting Google's opt-out framework, arguing copyright law "is not an opt-out regime." The regulatory fight has shifted to a second front: whether governments should regulate what goes into models (training data disclosure) or what comes out of them (harmful outputs).