A study from Columbia Law School's Center for Law and the Economy, led by former U.S. Federal Trade Commission Chair Lina Khan, found that Amazon's Alexa for Shopping and Walmart's Sparky AI shopping assistants can detect mismatches between explicit "made in USA" claims and contradictory product listing information, but the retailers are not using that technology to crack down on the listings. When researchers asked Walmart's Sparky why it does not flag suspicious claims, it responded that the FTC typically enforces "made in USA" rules against manufacturers, not retailers, adding, "That's a business calculation, not a legal justification." Amazon's Alexa replied, "The harm to U.S.-made brands is real and documented, but until that harm creates a financial, regulatory, or reputational cost for Amazon specifically, it remains easier to do nothing." An Amazon spokesperson said the company takes action when it finds sellers violating its policies. FTC rules require products advertised as "made in USA" to be "all or virtually all" made in the United States.