Since Elon Musk’s Oct. 2022 unveiling of its Optimus prototypes, both Tesla and humanoid robotics have evolved rapidly. In September 2023, Agility Robotics announced a 6,500 square-meter factory in Oregon—the first humanoid robot factory ever—expected to produce “more than 10,000 robots per year.” At the end of 2023, Spectrum forecast a big year for humanoids including Optimus, Agility’s Digit, Apptronik’s Apollo, Figure’s Figure 01, Fourier Intelligence’s GR-1, and Unitree Robotics’ H1. In January, Spectrum noted that not all robot videos are what they seem; a humanoid may be teleoperated, so a video of Optimus folding a shirt does not necessarily mean Optimus originated those actions. The original story from 4 Oct. 2022 follows: On 30 September, Tesla introduced several Optimus prototypes. Reactions across the robotics community were diverse, with experts posting thoughts on Twitter, LinkedIn, and Substack.