A report by the United Nations-supported not-for-profit Tech Against Terrorism found that artificial intelligence is vulnerable to exploitation by violent extremists, flagging the threat as "a major national security concern". The report, released this month, tested 27 AI models by requesting information for acts of terrorism, including step-by-step instructions for making explosive devices and 3D-printed firearms. ChatGPT, the most widely used generative AI system, refused only 48 per cent of the more than 2,000 requests entered by testers. Tech Against Terrorism executive director Adam Hadley said AI models posed a greater risk than a simple web search because they were designed to persuasively engage in back-and-forth conversation, comparing them to a "coach" rather than a manual. In Queensland, a 13-year-old boy is alleged to have used AI on multiple occasions before his arrest to simulate a mass shooting, and a stabbing attack in a Melbourne shopping centre is also alleged to have been the result of AI radicalisation. The report said urgent action was needed to improve the security of open-source AI models, which allowed users to remove safeguards altogether.